Slovakia

In the 1990s the Slovak chemical industry was marked by three significant factors: partition of Czechoslovakia, orientation from eastern markets to western ones and privatisation. Some chemical companies successfully transformed and survived this period, some were bought by foreign investors, and others did not take roots in the new market environment and exited the market. The first decade of new millennium represented stabilization, integration to EU market and new investments.

Data for 2015 show the chemical sector with the sales of €9 326 million, translating to a 12.1% share of total Slovak industry sales. The Slovak chemical sector has 12.4% and 14.1% shares of total exports and added value respectively. The chemical sector is ranked the third one in terms of Slovak industrial export; on the first place is vehicles sector. Diagram shows rank for six important sectors of Slovak economy.

There were in 2015 (31 Dec 2015) 1 776 manufacturing companies in Slovakia´s chemical sector; 3% of them were large with 250 or more staff, 8% of medium size, 21% small, and 68% are micro-sized, having up to nine employees.

As to the international comparison, total sales of the Slovak chemical industry represent up to 2.0% of the EU28´s sales and some 0.4% of total world sales (2014).

Diagram shows progress of sales for chemical industry from year 2008 in the Slovak Republic.

Industrial production is located mainly in the west part of Slovakia which is formed by Bratislava, Trnava, Trenčín and Nitra Self-governing Regions. These western regions have a 60% share of Slovakia´s total GDP (2014). Central Slovakia is formed by Žilina and Banská Bystrica Self-governing Regions, with a share of 20%, and the Eastern part, formed by Prešov and Košice Self-governing Regions, with a 20% share of total GDP. The highway connection between the west and the east of Slovakia is still not finished, which is a big handicap – mainly for Prešov and Košice regions. It is to be finished by about 2020.

The chemical industry is also concentrated mainly in the western part of Slovakia where oil refinery, production of primary plastics, rubber products (tyres), fertilizers, coatings, pharmaceuticals, plastic products are located. Production mainly focuses on of man-made fibres, plastic foils and other chemical products in central and eastern Slovakia. Many small- and medium-sized companies are geared to the production of rubber, plastic and other products for the automotive industry. There are three big car factories: Volkswagen, Peugeot-Citroen and KIA, located in the western part of Slovakia. A total number of over 1 million cars manufactured in 2015, the equivalent of 184 units per 1,000 inhabitants, the most of any country in the world. A new plant of Jaguar Land Rover Company is under construction near the town of Nitra.

As far as the accessibility of universities and research technology organisations is concerned, there are three universities important for the industry: Comenius University and Slovak University of Technology, both located in Bratislava, and the University of Technology in Košice in eastern Slovakia. There are four private R&D Institutes geared mainly to the chemical sector: R&D of chemical technology, petrochemicals, plastics, and man-made fibres. There is good co-operation between specialised faculties of the universities, R&D institutes and the Slovak Academy of Science, a state institution. Lack of state support for applied R&D is a significant issue for the Slovak chemical industry. In 2014 there were €670 million of financial means for the whole R&D in Slovakia, of which €277 million from public funds, €393 million from the private sector, which in total represented 0.89% of the Slovak GDP. At the beginning of 2013 the government prepared the material Strategy of Research, Development and Innovations in the Slovak Republic till the Year 2020. ZCHFP SR and its members very actively participated in the preparation of the material.

The combination of the above-mentioned strengths gives Slovakia a good advantaged position in general.

In particular, the Slovak chemical sector can build its future progress on good cooperation between universities, the Slovak Academy of Science, the private R&D institutes and R&D departments of advanced manufacturing companies.